Standard methods to estimate strength parameters, flight activity, comb construction, and fitness of Apis mellifera colonies 2.0

This paper describes methods for estimating honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony strength by which mean population measures of adult bees and brood are obtained. Additionally, secondary measures, such as the quantity of stored honey and pollen, brood pattern, flight activity, comb construction, and the expression of visible disease or parasite symptoms are addressed. There are generally two contexts in which an investigator wishes to measure colony strength: (1) at the beginning of a study as part of manipulations to produce uniform colonies and reduce experimental error, and (2) as a response variable during or at the end of an experiment. Moreover, there are two general modes for measuring colony strength: (1) an objective mode that uses quantitative measures, and (2) a subjective mode that relies on visual estimates by one or more observers. Other parameters that do not directly measure colony strength are described because they give important indicators of colony state. These parameters include flight activity at the hive entrance, comb construction, and two proxy measures of colony fitness: production of queen cells and drone brood.