Comprehensive Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Immune Infiltration in Burn Injury: Key Biomarkers and Pathways

Abstract Background Burn injuries trigger complex immune responses and gene expression changes, impacting wound healing and systemic inflammation. Understanding these changes is crucial for identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Methods We analyzed two GEO datasets (wound tissue (GSE8056) and blood (GSE37069)) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in burn injury samples versus controls. Immune cell proportions were assessed using CIBERSORT. Functional enrichment analyses (GO and KEGG) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify key genes and pathways. Results We identified 1170 upregulated and 1227 downregulated DEGs. GO analysis revealed enrichment in neutrophil activation, inflammatory response, and extracellular matrix organization. KEGG analysis highlighted cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TNF, and IL-17 signaling pathways. Immune infiltration analysis showed significant changes in neutrophils, macrophages (M1/M2), and T-cell subsets. PPI network analysis identified five hub genes: JUN, STAT1, Bcl2, MMP9, and TLR2. Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of gene expression and immune responses in burn injuries. The identified DEGs, hub genes, and pathways offer insights into the immune response mechanisms and suggest potential targets for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in burn injury management.