Advances in Battery Modeling and Management Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Energy storage systems (ESSs) and electric vehicle (EV) batteries depend on battery management systems (BMSs) for their longevity, safety, and effectiveness. Battery modeling is crucial to the operation of BMSs, as it enhances temperature control, fault detection, and state estimation, thereby maximizing efficiency and preventing malfunctions. This paper thoroughly examines the most recent advancements in battery and BMS modeling, including data-driven, thermal, and electrochemical methods. Advanced modeling approaches are explored, including physics-based models that incorporate mechanical stress and aging effects, as well as artificial intelligence (AI)-driven state estimation. New technologies that facilitate data-driven decision-making, real-time monitoring, and simplified systems include digital twins (DTs), cloud computing, and wireless BMSs. Nonetheless, there are still issues with cost optimization, cybersecurity, and computing efficiency. This study presents key advancements in battery modeling and BMS applications, including defect diagnostics, temperature management, and state-of-health (SOH) prediction. A comparison of machine learning (ML) methods for SOH prediction is given, emphasizing how well neural networks (NNs) and transfer learning function with real-world datasets. Additionally, future research objectives are described, with an emphasis on next-generation sensor technologies, cloud-based BMSs, and hybrid algorithms. Distinct from existing reviews, this paper integrates academic modeling with industrial benchmarking and highlights the convergence of hybrid physics-informed and data-driven techniques, multi-physics simulations, and intelligent architecture. For high-performance EV applications, this analysis offers insight into creating more intelligent, adaptable, and secure BMSs by addressing current constraints and utilizing state-of-the-art technologies.