Gravity currents constrained by bottom walls are prevalent in engineering applications such as industrial discharges and deep-sea mining, and will pose significant environmental risks. In this study, the influence of jet source parameters on the dynamics and diffusion characteristics of particle-driven bottom currents was investigated through physical experiments using Digital Image Processing (DIP). This non-invasive technology is cost-effective and exhibits broad applicability. The results demonstrated that the downstream plume front dLmax, the maximum lift height hLmax and the average lift height have all exhibit a decreasing trend with increasing Richardson number (Ri) after impingement, and show a linear increase with rising Reynolds number (Re). The plume diffusion scale S follows a two-stage evolution: during the inertia-dominated stage, S evolves exponentially over time t as S=aebt, while in the equilibrium stage of negative buoyancy and turbulent dissipation, S follows a power-law relationship S=atb (b < 1). The rate of change of S increases with smaller jet angles α, and the variations with dimensionless bottom clearance H/D remain within 10%. The dimensionless average longitudinal expansion rate E¯g′/D reaches minimum values at α = 75°, peaks at H/D = 10, and exhibits a linear decreasing trend with Ri. As Re increases, E¯g′/D displays a three-stage fluctuating behavior. This study provides valuable experimental data that improve the understanding of gravity current behavior under wall confinement and support the predictive modelling of gravity current.
Li et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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