What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to evaluate the potential of Quantum Key Distribution as an alternative to classical cryptography.

February 28, 2026Open Access

Quantum Key Distribution - Introduction, Protocols and Current Challenges

Key Points

The aim is to evaluate the potential of Quantum Key Distribution as an alternative to classical cryptography.
Review theoretical framework of Quantum Key Distribution.
Compare dominant protocols such as BB84 and E91.
Discuss key implementation challenges and side-channel attacks.
Identified transmission distance limits as major challenges.
Highlighted hardware-specific side-channel attacks impacting security.
Emphasized the need to address infrastructure gaps for widescale Quantum Internet adoption.

Abstract

As quantum computing threatens the foundations of classical asymmetric cryptography, Quan-tum Key Distribution (QKD) has been heralded as a vital alternative for unconditional security.This article reviews the theoretical framework of QKD, compares dominant protocols such asBB84 and E91, and evaluates the hurdles limiting their widespread viability. Key implemen-tation challenges, ranging from transmission distance limits to hardware-specific side-channelattacks, are discussed. The review highlights that the future of the Quantum Internet dependsnot only on theoretical protocols but on overcoming the practical security and infrastructuregaps currently preventing widespread adoption Author Info: ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5132-0050 LinkedIN: https://www.linkedin.com/in/asthaashray

Quantum Key Distribution - Introduction, Protocols and Current Challenges

Key Points

Abstract

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