What does this research mean for the field?

Water sanitation programmes in urban poor communities in Lagos, Nigeria, lead to significant improvements in user satisfaction and hygiene practices, despite varying cost-effectiveness. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.CONFIRMATORY. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.SUPPORTS_CONSENSUS.

What question did this study set out to answer?

This study aims to examine the cost-effectiveness and user satisfaction of water sanitation programmes in urban poor communities of Lagos.

March 12, 2026Open Access

Cost-Effectiveness and User Satisfaction in Urban Poor Communities: A Mixed Methods Study of Water Sanitation Programmes in Lagos, Nigeria

Key Points

This study aims to examine the cost-effectiveness and user satisfaction of water sanitation programmes in urban poor communities of Lagos.
Mixed methods approach combining quantitative surveys and qualitative focus group discussions
Surveys collected data on user spending and satisfaction
Focus groups provided in-depth insights into user experiences
Average spending on water sanitation services was £20/month in intervention areas vs. £15/month in control areas
85% of users reported improved cleanliness after programme implementation
Overall satisfaction and hygiene improvements were noted, suggesting effectiveness of interventions.

Abstract

Water sanitation programmes in urban poor communities often face challenges related to cost-effectiveness and user satisfaction. In Lagos, Nigeria, where infrastructure is limited, these issues are particularly acute. A mixed methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data from surveys with qualitative insights from focus group discussions and interviews. Survey results indicated that users in the intervention area spent an average of £20 per month on water sanitation services compared to £15 per month for control areas. Users reported a significant improvement in hygiene practices, with 85% of respondents indicating better cleanliness after implementing the programme. The mixed methods study reveals that while cost-effectiveness varies by user segment, overall satisfaction and hygiene improvements are notable. Programme managers should consider scaling up successful interventions based on this analysis to enhance sustainability and impact in similar urban poor communities. Water sanitation programmes, urban poor, Lagos, Nigeria, mixed methods study

Cost-Effectiveness and User Satisfaction in Urban Poor Communities: A Mixed Methods Study of Water Sanitation Programmes in Lagos, Nigeria

Key Points

Abstract

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