Startup Initiatives in the Current Economy: The Experience of Kazakhstan and China

In the context of globalization and the digital revolution, the growth of the number of startups is becoming a key factor in economic growth and progress. This paper examines the specifics of the creation and development of startup ecosystems in Kazakhstan and China, as well as their impact on the economy and entrepreneurial activity. The purpose of the study is to compare the strategies used by these countries to develop innovative entrepreneurship, as well as to identify successful public and private initiatives aimed at supporting startups. The paper examines the institutional framework, government initiatives, infrastructure, and support mechanisms for startup ecosystems in both countries. Special attention is paid to the role of universities, business incubators, accelerators and venture capital funds in the development of the startup movement. The article examines China's strategy to stimulate technological innovation within the framework of the “Made in China 2025” initiative and the efforts of the Government of Kazakhstan to modernize the digital economy within the framework of the "Digital Kazakhstan" program and the creation of the Astana Hub International Technopark of IT Startups. The article also analyzes the successful examples of startups in both countries and identifies the challenges they face, such as access to finance, lack of qualified personnel, and legal uncertainty. National characteristics, mentality, and historical models of economic development influence risk perception, motivation for innovation, and the willingness of young entrepreneurs to participate in the startup movement. Taking these factors into account allows us to develop more targeted and sustainable approaches to the development of startup ecosystems, focused on long-term development and sustainable growth. The results show that, despite the differences in scale and level of development, both countries are successfully working to create favorable conditions for the development of startups.