Ethnomedicinal Values and Pharmacological Properties of Five Seed Spices: A Review

Introduction: Since antiquity, spices have played a significant role in international trade and cuisine, and a prominent role in ethnomedicine. Various studies have been carried out to identify and analyze the biological principles underlying the ethnomedicinal reputation. Owing to their domestic consumption and revenue generated, seed spice research is warranted. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Springer Link to collect information on phytochemicals, ethnomedicinal uses, and pharmacological properties of five widely used seed spices: Trachyspermum ammi L. (Carom), Brassica juncea L. (Mustard), Cuminum cyminum L. (Cumin), Foeniculum vulgare L. (Fennel), and Nigella sativa L. (Black cumin). Results: The selected seed spices exhibited pharmacological effects: immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, anticancer, antihypertensive, galactagogue, and antioxidant activities. Diverse bioactive phytochemicals, such as thymol, thymoquinone, cuminaldehyde, linalool, alpha-pinene, anethol, paracymene, diosgenin, and allyl-isothiocyanate, were identified. Traditionally, these spices are known to treat ailments like arthritis, asthma, skin diseases, sinusitis, and venomous bites. Discussion: The convergence of traditional knowledge and pharmacological evidence emphasizes the therapeutic potential of seed spices. However, inconsistencies in phytochemical content, lack of standardized dosage, and limited clinical validation constrain their application. Interdisciplinary research integrating phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical trials is essential to confirm efficacy and ensure safe utilization. Conclusion: This review highlights the medicinal values of the above-mentioned five seed spices, which are endowed with therapeutic potential due to the presence of various bioactive phytochemicals. Future studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of action and validate their therapeutic efficacy through clinical investigations.