Physical Foundation of the Helical Photon Energy Dissipation Model and Cosmological Redshift Mechanism

Hubble’s law is interpreted by modern cosmology as the Doppler effect of galactic recession, and also serves as the core premise for theories of cosmic expansion and accelerated expansion. The traditional explanation only adopts the wave picture of light, ignores the particle nature of photons, and is obviously inconsistent with the observational fact that the redshift of the same galaxy remains basically stable over time. Based on the physical picture of helical propulsion of photons, this paper starts from the observational definition of cosmological redshift, and through rigorous mathematical derivation, obtains the relationship that photon energy decays exponentially with the propagation distance in cosmic space, proving that this mathematical form is not an artificial assumption but a self-consistent result of physical laws and mathematical operations. This paper acknowledges the validity of Hubble’s law in fitting observational data, but its physical meaning needs to be reinterpreted: the so-called “recession velocity” in the formula is not the real motion velocity of galaxies, but an apparent motion effect caused by energy dissipation of photons during propagation. This paper systematically derives the quantitative relationships between photon energy difference, final energy, propagation distance and propagation time, strictly clarifies the satisfaction of conservation laws of energy, momentum and angular momentum in the process, and carries out academic analysis and discussion on the traditional interpretation of cosmological redshift in mainstream cosmology. This model is completely self-consistent with quantum mechanics, classical electromagnetism, gravitational redshift theory and the law of conservation of energy, and can provide a more rigorous and self-consistent theoretical foundation for the physical origin of cosmological redshift.