An Analysis of the Essence of the Four Fundamental Forces and the Homology of Gravitation and Strong Force (Revised Edition)

Modern physics classifies gravitation, electromagnetic force, strong interaction and weak interaction as four completely independent fundamental forces, and has long been unable to unify macroscopic gravitation and microscopic nuclear force. Traditional theories introduce too many additional assumptions, artificially increase the complexity of physical models, and deviate from the essential law of mass interaction.This paper returns to the basic physical observables: mass, distance, charge and energy conversion, and redefines the underlying mechanism of the four fundamental interactions. Electromagnetic force is exclusive to charge interaction; weak force is essentially neutron decay and energy release. Both are different from the mechanism of mass attraction. Gravitation and strong interaction are homologous pure mass coupling interactions, following exactly the same inverse-square law mechanical structure.The two sets of formulas are universally applicable without artificial restrictions and mathematically self-consistent. They correspond to coupling constants of different orders of magnitude according to spatial scales. At the extremely small scale of the atomic nucleus, the coupling constant is extremely large, manifesting as the strong nuclear force; at the macroscopic scale, the coupling constant is extremely small, manifesting as gravitation. As distance increases, the strong force decays naturally to a negligible level following the inverse-square law, without artificial boundaries or additional assumed transmission media.This theory eliminates redundant hypotheses, realizes the in-depth unification of macroscopic gravitation and microscopic strong force, and constructs a concise, self-consistent and quantifiable new system of fundamental physics, which has important value for the innovation of basic theory.