Floods are among the most destructive natural hazards. Existing studies offer limited insight into the multidimensional nature of urban risk. This study proposes a holistic flood risk assessment methodology integrating physical, social, economic, attitudinal, and institutional dimensions. The methodology was applied to selected urban communities in Islamabad, Pakistan. A random sample of 600 respondents who had been exposed to recurring flooding was collected via a structured questionnaire. The index method was employed to construct 13 equations using 45 indicators to measure the hazard, vulnerability, and risk. The findings revealed a moderate perceived flood hazard (mean=0.46) accompanied by high vulnerability levels (mean=0.68) across the selected dimensions. The institutional (mean=0.37), physical (mean=0.31), and economic (mean=0.31) dimensions exhibited the highest flood risks, while the social dimension (mean=0.28) had the lowest. These results highlight the importance of developing and updating flood risk reduction strategies that reflect community-relevant risk profiles, thereby enhancing urban resilience.
Waseem et al. (Fri,) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: