What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to predict the smoking habits of individuals across various smoking categories.

July 1, 2026Open Access

A Numerical Prediction on the Smoking Habits

ABAyşe Belerİzmir University of Economics

Key Points

This research aims to predict the smoking habits of individuals across various smoking categories.
Used ordinary differential equations to model different smoking groups.
Applied the fourth order Runge Kutta method for numerical comparison.
Simulated long-term behavior of diverse groups using Mathematica for accuracy.],
Simulated interactions among potential smokers, light smokers, heavy smokers, and those who quit.
Validated accuracy of numerical predictions against analytical approaches.
Demonstrated distinct long-term behavioral patterns among the groups.

Abstract

The goal of this study is to predict the smoking habits of individuals that belong to different kinds of groups, namely: potential smokers/non-smokers, light smokers, heavy smokers, and smokers who temporarily and permanently quit smoking. The interactions between these groups are modeled by five ordinary differential equations representing each group. The governing system of differential equations is solved by using the Gegenbauer polynomials. Since the model does not have an analytical solution, numerical results are compared by the fourth order Runge Kutta method and Mathematica default solver to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the method. We simulate the long-term behavior of these individuals and show the interaction among the groups.

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