Attention-Deficient Hyperactivity Disorders – Review

The neurodevelopmental disorder known as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention that hinder day-to-day functioning. ADHD affects around 5-7% of children globally and typically lingers into adulthood, having a substantial effect on academic, social, and professional performance. Its causes include a mix of genetic and environmental factors, including as prenatal exposure to smoke, alcohol, certain drugs, preterm, and low birth weight. Dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways, as well as fronto-subcortical brain circuits, seem to be aberrant based on neurobiological research. The diagnosis is based on accepted DSM-5 and ICD criteria. Pharmacological therapy, behavioural treatments, cognitive interventions, and developing digital technologies are all part of the management strategy. Early detection and extensive treatment are critical for achieving better long-term results and quality of life.