This record presents Version 3 of an independent technical study proposing a dual‑orbit refueling architecture for human Mars missions. Version 3 emphasizes mission operations flow, trade and sensitivity robustness, and comparison with common return strategies. The core concept treats Earth‑return propellant as verified orbital infrastructure prior to surface commitment, reducing coupling between surface outcomes and crew safety. Shared as an open technical reference for discussion and educational purposes.
Siddhanta Kumar Nandi (Sat,) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: