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March 25, 2026Open Access

Seasonal Variation and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Groundwater: Implications for Water Quality and Health Risks

Key Points

This study aims to assess the seasonal and spatial distribution of heavy metals in groundwater and their associated health risks.
Collected groundwater samples from fifty wells during wet and dry seasons.
Analyzed twelve heavy metals using pollution indices including Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) and Single-Factor Pollution Index (SFPI).
Compared water quality across seasons.
Water quality was primarily excellent (NPI < 0.01), despite contamination in some areas.
Detected lead, vanadium, and copper above safe levels in certain regions.
Measured arsenic levels ranged from 0.0008 to 0.0145 μg/L, chromium from 0.0009 to 0.0096 μg/L.

Abstract

Background: This study evaluated the seasonal and spatial distribution of twelve heavy metals in the groundwater samples collected in fifty wells with the aim of assessing the quality of water and health hazards associated with it. The data were analyzed to compare the wet and dry seasons were the analytical data using pollution indices, the Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI), and the Single-Factor Pollution Index (SFPI). The results revealed that the water quality was mainly excellent (NPI < 0.01) even though in some areas, lead, vanadium, and copper were contaminated. Arsenic (0.0008–0.0145 μg/L), chromium (0.0009–0.0096 μg/L), and nickel (

Seasonal Variation and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Groundwater: Implications for Water Quality and Health Risks

Key Points

Abstract

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