Seasonal Variation and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Groundwater: Implications for Water Quality and Health Risks

March 23, 2026Baghdad Science JournalOpen Access

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Key Points

This study aims to assess the seasonal and spatial distribution of heavy metals in groundwater and their associated health risks.
Collected groundwater samples from fifty wells during wet and dry seasons.
Analyzed twelve heavy metals using pollution indices including Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) and Single-Factor Pollution Index (SFPI).
Compared water quality across seasons.
Water quality was primarily excellent (NPI < 0.01), despite contamination in some areas.
Detected lead, vanadium, and copper above safe levels in certain regions.
Measured arsenic levels ranged from 0.0008 to 0.0145 μg/L, chromium from 0.0009 to 0.0096 μg/L.

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Seasonal analysis evaluates heavy metal levels in groundwater, indicating health risks for quality assessment.

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Qader et al. (2026) studied this question.

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