Genetically engineered Spirulina plantensis producing human insulin as a potential novel oral drug delivery carrier

Key Points

• The aim is to explore Spirulina plantensis as a novel carrier for the oral delivery of human insulin.
• Genetic engineering of Spirulina plantensis to produce human insulin
• Evaluation of insulin stability and bioactivity
• Assessment of intestinal uptake mechanisms
• The engineered Spirulina stably expresses bioactive human insulin
• Enhanced intestinal absorption of the insulin was observed
• Demonstrated potential for noninvasive oral delivery of protein drugs.