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Engineered Spirulina demonstrates enhanced intestinal uptake of human insulin, suggesting a new noninvasive bioreactor for drug delivery.
Engineered Spirulina as a living, edible bioreactor and carrier: stable expression of bioactive human insulin, scalable production, and enhanced intestinal uptake—advancing a bioadhesive, noninvasive paradigm for oral protein delivery.
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Patel et al. (2026) studied this question.
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