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axial ligands, proton relay groups, electrostatic effects, and binuclear structures on the ORR mechanism and performance. Furthermore, the integration of these molecular catalysts into structured porous materials, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), is discussed, highlighting how material design enhances catalytic activity, stability, and electron/proton transport. Finally, this review summarizes key achievements, identifies current challenges, and offers perspectives on future research directions for developing next-generation, high-performance ORR catalysts based on metalloporphyrins and metallocorroles. This work aims to provide valuable insights for the rational design of efficient and durable metalloporphyrin- and metallocorrole-based ORR catalysts and for the development of molecule-based functional materials for the future application of molecular electrocatalysis.
Lei et al. (2025) studied this question.