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Abstract In a developmental toxicity study, pregnant animals are exposed to the test substance and their offspring are assessed for defects. Often, multiple observations are made on each fetus, in which case the data are doubly nested. In this article we adapt the approach of Liang and Zeger (1986) and Zeger and Liang (1986) to yield an analysis, which appropriately allows for the correlation structure.
Lefkopoulou et al. (1989) studied this question.