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The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale along with 12 belief statements on factors that affect pregnancy was distributed to 209 pregnant women, 74 smokers, 46 smokers who quit prior to or during their pregnancy, and 87 nonsmokers. Analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffé tests on each subscale showed a significant difference among the three groups of pregnant smokers and nonsmokers on the Chance subscale, however, the differences appeared to be of no practical significance. Only two of the belief statements were significantly different between the groups.
Desmond et al. (1987) studied this question.