Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, undermining the effectiveness of antibiotics and threatening public health, food security, and development. This paper aims to examine the global trends in AMR with a main focus on epidemiology, key bacterial and nonbacterial resistant pathogens, and regional disparities in resistance patterns. It evaluates the major international surveillance systems, including Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, EARS-Net, and NARMS, highlighting their strengths (international collaboration, standardized methodologies (as in GLASS), and long-term data trends) and limitations (lack of real-time reporting, underreporting from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and limited coverage). The study further explores critical drivers of AMR across human, agricultural, and environmental domains, with an emphasize on the role of misuse, poor infrastructure, and socioeconomic factors. The research analyzes strategies such as the WHO Global Action Plan, national AMR action plans, antimicrobial stewardship, and public awareness initiatives for their impact on LMICs. Furthermore, the cases from countries like Sweden and India, and lessons learned from COVID-19, are best practices. Finally, the study outlines future priorities, including global governance, genomics, rapid diagnostics, and integration of AMR into pandemic preparedness. Multisectoral collaboration is essential to control AMR, which is an escalating crisis.
Riaz Ahmed (Sat,) studied this question.
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