Public participation plays a vital role in environmental governance, especially in the context of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In India, the development of public involvement in EIA processes has been shaped by a combination of legal frameworks, institutional structures, and socio-political factors. This review critically assesses the current state of public participation within the Indian EIA system, exploring its historical evolution and assessing its practical application. While legal provisions under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 and the EIA Notification of 2006 formally acknowledge the importance of public hearings, the reality often falls short of genuine engagement. Issues such as poor access to information, limited public awareness, procedural inefficiencies, and a lack of capacity among stakeholders have hindered effective participation. Additionally, vulnerable communities are often marginalized, and recent proposals to amend EIA regulations suggest a weakening of public oversight. International comparisons highlight the need for reform to bring India’s participatory processes in line with global best practices. Key recommendations include improving transparency, enhancing stakeholder capacity, ensuring timely access to relevant data, and promoting accountability to restore public trust and participation. The review concludes that public involvement should not just be a formality but a critical component that enhances the quality, fairness, and sustainability of environmental decision-making. Therefore, building an inclusive, informed, and responsive participatory framework is essential for advancing environmental justice in India
Mahatab et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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