Venous bed of the rib-necked trunk in black-and-white calves

Fundamental data are of particular importance in surgical practice, since detailed knowledge of the anatomical features and patterns of the course and branching of the vascular bed is critically important for surgical manipulations in the head, neck, and spinal column, especially in the context of traumatic injuries. The aim of the study was to establish anatomical and topographic features of the venous bed of the rib–necked trunk in black-and-white calves and to determine morphometric parameters. The study was conducted at the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. Cadaveric material for the study was delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State Pedagogical University from the pig breeding complex of the Leningrad region. The study used seven corpses of newborn calves of black and mottled breed aged 2-8 days from birth. During the study, anatomical and topographic features of the venous bed of the rib-necked trunk in calves of the black-and-white breed were established and morphometric parameters were determined. The venous bed of the ribnecked trunk in black-and-white calves is a highly organized and functionally adapted system. Its key importance lies in the active provision of an effective outflow of venous blood from the deep structures of the neck, shoulder girdle and upper chest. The presence of numerous, well-developed valves distributed according to the diameter of the vessels, the functional load of the drained muscles and the localization relative to the thoracic cavity is a vital adaptation. This venous system guarantees a reliable outflow to the heart, supports the metabolism of actively working muscles and ensures stable blood supply to a critical area of the animal's body, directly affecting its motor and respiratory functions.