In this paper, we propose a hybrid algorithm that integrates an improved artificial potential field method (IAPF), model predictive control (MPC), and an extended state observer (ESO) to address the obstacle avoidance problem in multi-unmanned surface vehicle (Multi-USV) formations, including both dynamic and static obstacles, as well as navigation through narrow waterways. Initially, the virtual structure method was applied for formation control. Next, the traditional potential field method was enhanced by employing a saturated attractive potential field and a partitioned repulsive potential field, which improve formation stability and obstacle avoidance accuracy in complex environments. The extended state observer was then employed to estimate and compensate for unknown system dynamics and external disturbances from the marine environment in real time, improving system robustness. On this basis, by leveraging the multi-step predictive optimization capabilities of model predictive control, the proposed algorithm dynamically adjusts control inputs based on the desired trajectories generated from potential field forces, which ensures the stability of formation control and effective obstacle avoidance. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively avoids both dynamic and static obstacles in multi-unmanned surface vehicle formations and enables successful navigation through narrow waterways by altering the formation.
Sun et al. (Sun,) studied this question.