This paper presents a coordinated voltage and frequency control strategy for a wind-integrated deregulated dual-area power system comprising three Generation Companies (GENCOs), diesel, thermal, and wind-and three Distribution Companies (DISCOs) in each area. A Harris Hawks Optimization-based Model Predictive Controller (MPC-HHO) is proposed to enhance system performance under three distinct market scenarios: poolco, bilateral, and contract violation modes. The proposed controller is benchmarked against conventional PID, fractional-order PIλDF, and MPC schemes optimized via Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). Simulation results show that the MPC-HHO controller achieves the lowest figure of demerit (FOD = 385.75), with up to 54.07% improvement over MPC-PSO and faster settling time under various test cases. Further, integration of Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) demonstrates significant improvement in frequency regulation, with marginal enhancements in voltage response. Robustness of the proposed approach is validated through eigenvalue analysis, sensitivity to DISCO Participation Matrix (DPM), contract violations, time-delay effects, and random load variations, confirming its applicability in complex and dynamic smart grid environments.
Kumar et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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