Monitoring and Optimizing Indoor Air Quality in Nearly Zero Energy Educational Buildings

In light of the challenges facing indoor air quality (IAQ) in nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) under extreme arid climates, this study focuses on the relationship between IAQ and NZEB compliance in educational buildings at the Technical College in Basra, Iraq. The study is aimed at understanding the compatibility of energy efficiency strategies with occupant health under harsh environmental conditions. Using a mixed‐methods approach—combining sensor‐based monitoring (carbon dioxide, particulate matter PM 2.5 /PM 10 , temperature, and humidity) and occupant surveys—this research evaluates the spatial and temporal dynamics of IAQ in high‐occupancy classrooms (Classrooms 1 and 2) and laboratories. Continuous data collection (December 2024–January 2025) using low‐cost sensors calibrated according to ISO 7726:2022 standards revealed stark disparities: Classroom 2 exhibited elevated carbon dioxide levels (532 ppm) and humidity (36.4%) due to inadequate ventilation, whereas Classroom 1 recorded hazardous concentrations of PM 10 (163.9 μ g/m 3 ) and PM 2.5 (88.3 μ g/m 3 ) linked to outdoor dust infiltration. Occupant surveys ( n = 70) highlighted significant discomfort in high CO 2 concentration zones, with 40% reporting thermal dissatisfaction and 16.7% indicating poor air quality during peak occupancy periods. Comparative analysis with NZEBs in temperate climates underscored unique challenges in arid regions, where airtight designs intended to reduce cooling energy consumption (60%–70% of total energy use) inadvertently trap pollutants. The study proposes adaptive solutions including smart ventilation systems responsive to occupancy and dust levels, hybrid mechanical–natural airflow strategies, and energy‐efficient air purification. These measures aim to reconcile IAQ preservation with NZEB energy goals while addressing health risks posed by extreme heat (> 50°C) and frequent dust storms.