Biosensor-embedded wearables for dry eye monitoring and management

Introduction Dry eye disease (DED) affects over 300 million people worldwide and continues to pose diagnostic challenges due to fluctuating symptoms and reliance on static, clinic-based tests. Conventional methods such as Schirmer's test and tear osmolarity provide only episodic insights, failing to capture the dynamic behavior of the tear film. Recently, biosensor-embedded wearable devices, including smart contact lenses, eyelid-mounted patches, and sensor-equipped spectacles have emerged, enabling real-time and continuous tracking of tear metrics and blink patterns. These technologies promise precision diagnostics and patient-specific therapeutic strategies.