Implementing a flexible framework to reduce carbon emissions in the built environment

The construction industry is a major contributor to climate change due to its high greenhouse gas emissions. This study introduces a methodological approach to decarbonising built environments through two adaptable models applicable to both traditional and contemporary architecture in arid and Mediterranean climates. Unlike existing strategies focusing on materials and energy systems, this research highlights morphology as a key factor in carbon reduction, proposing two morphological decarbonisation indicators to assess spatial configurations’ impact on emissions. The methodology integrates life cycle assessment (LCA) with parametric modelling, optimising building design by way of morphological compactness, material choices, and energy systems. LCA, conducted using PLEIADES and its EQUER module, quantifies emissions across construction phases. Results show that cupola and vaulted roofs reduce emissions by 66%, bricks by 10.72%, and optimised construction methods by 52%–60.19%. In addition, demolition-phase reductions exceed 85%, and combining wood energy with efficient systems lowers emissions by 82.68%. Photovoltaic integration further decreases cumulative energy demand, reinforcing the sustainability of the proposed models. These models provide architects, urban planners, and policymakers with valuable tools to optimise sustainability strategies, integrating advanced digital assessments to refine morphological decisions, enhance environmental performance, and promote energy-efficient designs.