Sex differences in the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD) are well recognized. While a greater proportion of males endorse consuming substances and SUDs, the gap between the sexes has been narrowing over time, due to an increased rate of substance use among females. Yet, the mechanisms underlying sex differences in SUD are unclear, and evidence is lacking to inform the development of personalised preventions and treatment for males and females. The neuroscientific evidence to date is inadequate to explain sex differences in SUD, due to a range of methodological issues (eg, study design, recruitment, and statistical modelling). A harmonised multidisciplinary approach that considers sex at each stage of the research cycle is required to create new mechanistic knowledge and to inform the identification of prevention and treatment targets for males and females with an SUD.
Lorenzetti et al. (Mon,) studied this question.