The oil and gas industry in Malaysia plays a crucial role in national economic development, yet it remains one of the most hazardous sectors due to its complex and high-risk operations. This study examines safety management practices throughout the Malaysian oil and gas value chain, with a focus on regulatory frameworks, organisational behaviour, and technological adoption. Using a qualitative, desktop research design, over 35 peer-reviewed articles, government regulations, and industry reports published between 2018 and 2024 were thematically analyzed. Four major themes emerged: (1) uneven implementation of Safety Management Systems (SMS), especially among SMEs and subcontractors; (2) weak safety culture and limited leadership engagement; (3) inconsistent enforcement of safety regulations across regions; and (4) limited adoption of digital safety technologies, with most innovations confined to top-tier firms. The findings reveal a digital and cultural divide in safety maturity, driven by structural, financial, and knowledge barriers. To address these challenges, the paper recommends five key strategies: promoting transformational safety leadership, enhancing regulatory enforcement through smart inspection tools, incentivizing technology adoption among SMEs, institutionalizing contractor integration, and fostering cross-sector research and benchmarking initiatives. These insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on occupational safety in emerging economies and offer practical policy directions for enhancing systemic safety performance in Malaysia's oil and gas sector.
Naidu et al. (Wed,) studied this question.