Harnessing Europe’s strong wave energy could support net-zero emissions goals, but extreme ocean loads still make wave energy expensive and delay the rollout of commercial wave-energy converters (WECs). To address this, the twin-floater CECO WEC has been redesigned into a single-pivot device called the Pivoting WEC (PWEC), which includes a passive duck diving survival mode to reduce extreme wave impacts. Its performance is evaluated using detailed wave simulations based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) method in OpenFOAM-olaFlow, which is validated with data from small-scale (1:20) wave tank experiments. Extreme non-breaking and breaking waves are simulated based on 100-year hindcast data for the case study site of Matosinhos (Portugal) using a modified Miche criterion. These are validated using data of surface elevation and force sensors. Wave height errors averaged 5.13%, and period errors remain below 0.75%. The model captures well major wave loads with a root mean square error down to 47 kN compared to a peak load of 260 kN and an R2 up to 0.80. The most violent plunging waves increase peak forces by 5 to 30% compared to the highest non-breaking crests. The validated numerical approach provides accurate extreme load predictions and confirms the effectiveness of the PWEC’s passive duck diving survival mode. The results contribute to the development of structurally resilient WECs, supporting the progress of WECs toward higher readiness levels.
Senocq et al. (Tue,) studied this question.