The Role of Sea-ice Insulation Effects on the Probability of AMOC Transitions

Abstract Recent simulations performed with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) have suggested a crucial role of sea-ice processes in AMOC hysteresis behaviour under varying surface freshwater forcing. Here, we further investigate this issue using additional CESM simulations and a novel conceptual ocean-sea-ice box model. The CESM simulations suggest that the presence of sea ice gives rise to the existence of statistical equilibria with a weak AMOC strength. This is confirmed in the conceptual model, which captures similar AMOC hysteresis behaviour as in the CESM simulation and where steady states are computed versus freshwater forcing parameters. In the conceptual model, transition probabilities between the different equilibrium states are determined using rare event techniques. The transition probabilities from a strong AMOC state to a weak AMOC state increase when considering sea-ice insulation effects and indicate that sea ice promotes these transitions. On the other hand, sea-ice insulation effects strongly reduce the probabilities of the reverse transition from a weak AMOC state to a strong AMOC state and this implies that sea ice also limits AMOC recovery. The results here indicate that sea-ice effects play a dominant role in AMOC hysteresis width and influence transition probabilities between the different equilibrium states.