Assessment of Fatigue Crack Growth Characteristics of Laminated Biaxial/Triaxial Hybrid Composite in Wind Turbine Blades

The composite blade is integral to megawatt-class wind turbines and frequently incurs interlaminar damages such as adhesive failures, cracks, and fractures, which may originate from manufacturing flaws or sustained external fatigue loads. Notably, adhesive joint failure in the spar–web and trailing edge (TE) represents a predominant damage mode. This study systematically explores the failure mechanism in these regions, using mode I fracture toughness tests for an in-depth, quantitative analysis of the adhesive joint’s fatigue crack growth characteristics. Additionally, we conducted extensive material and technical evaluations on specimen units, aiming to validate the reliability of techniques employed for wind blade damage modeling. A damage model, inspired by the NREL 5 MW wind generator’s composite blade structure, meticulously considers the interactions between the TE and spar–web. Utilizing the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT), this model effectively simulates crack growth dynamics in wind blade adhesive joints, while the extended finite element method (XFEM) aids in analyzing crack propagation trajectories under repetitive fatigue loading. By applying this integrated methodology, we successfully determined the lifespan of the spar–web adhesive joint under constant load amplitudes, providing crucial insights into the resilience and longevity of critical wind turbine components.