Increased early complications after total hip arthroplasty compared with hemiarthroplasty in older adults with a femoral neck fracture

Aims The aim of this study was to compare the early postoperative mortality and morbidity in older patients with a fracture of the femoral neck, between those who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) and those who underwent hemiarthroplasty. Methods This nationwide, retrospective cohort study used data from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. We included older patients (aged ≥ 60 years) who underwent THA or hemiarthroplasty after a femoral neck fracture, between July 2010 and March 2022. A total of 165, 123 patients were included. The THA group was younger (mean age 72. 6 (SD 8. 0) vs 80. 7 years (SD 8. 1) ) and had fewer comorbidities than the hemiarthroplasty group. Patients with dementia or malignancy were excluded because they seldom undergo THA. The primary outcome measures were mortality and complications while in hospital, and secondary outcomes were readmission and reoperation within one and two years after discharge, and the costs of hospitalization. We conducted an instrumental variable analysis (IVA) using differential distance as a variable. Results The IVA analysis showed that the THA group had a significantly higher rate of complications while in hospital (risk difference 6. 3% (95% CI 2. 0 to 10. 6) ; p = 0. 004) than the hemiarthroplasty group, but there was no significant difference in the rate of mortality while in hospital (risk difference 0. 3% (95% CI -1. 7 to 2. 2) ; p = 0. 774). There was no significant difference in the rate of readmission (within one year: risk difference 1. 3% (95% CI -1. 9 to 4. 5) ; p = 0. 443; within two years: risk difference 0. 1% (95% CI -3. 2 to 3. 4) ; p = 0. 950) and reoperation (within one year: risk difference 0. 3% (95% CI -0. 6 to 1. 1) ; p = 0. 557; within two years: risk difference 0. 1% (95% CI -0. 4 to 0. 7) ; p = 0. 632) after discharge. The costs of hospitalization were significantly higher in the THA group than in the hemiarthroplasty group (difference 2, 634 (95% CI 2, 496 to 2, 772) ; p < 0. 001). Conclusion Among older patients undergoing surgery for a femoral neck fracture, the risk of early complications was higher after THA than after hemiarthroplasty. Our findings should aid in clinical decision-making in these patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B (9): 986–993.