Solar Flares and the Intricate Response of Earth's Outer Geomagnetic Field Variation

Abstract In this study, we investigate the intricate electrodynamics of the Earth's horizontal component of the geomagnetic field (ΔH) in response to two significant solar flares (SF) occurring on 03 July and 28 October 2021. These flares are classified as X1.59 and X1.0, respectively. It is noted that the ΔH follows the X‐ray variation during the SF, but there is a time lag of a few minutes between the X‐ray and ΔH. A possible explanation for the time lag is the neutral atmosphere and ionosphere coupling, via ion drag.