Determination of microbial strain variability and kinetics of food-associated microorganisms following ultrasound treatment

Ultrasound is a promising emerging technology known for its antimicrobial efficacy. However, existing studies have not fully addressed the impact of strain variability and inactivation kinetics on US efficacy. Ten strains of Listeria monocytogenes, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli were exposed to US treatment (26 kHz, 200 mL, 100 % amplitude, 200 W, 65–71 W/cm2) under dynamic conditions to investigate their resistance profile. Furthermore, the inactivation kinetics of selected resistant/sensitive strains were assessed. The result showed significant intra-species variability in resistance (p 5 log reduction). The survival curves of most of the strains exhibited an initial phase of insignificant microbial inactivation followed by a relatively fast log-linear inactivation period. The estimated D-value showed that L. monocytogenes strains exhibited higher resistance to US treatment than any other species, while other species displayed comparable resistance. The findings on strain variability resistance and inactivation kinetics following US treatment are essential for food safety and will pave the way for further research on microbial response to US stress, risk assessment and optimisation studies.