Nice to know 2: The impact of NICE guidelines on ketogenic diet services in the UK and Ireland – An update

Abstract Background Ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) has been recommended as a treatment for drug‐resistant epilepsy in children and young people since 2012 in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Clinical Guidelines for Epilepsies. The Ketogenic Dietitians Research Network completed a survey in 2017 to assess the impact of these guidelines. Methods An online survey was circulated to ketogenic dietitians across the UK and Ireland. The results were compared with those of the 2017 survey. Results The number of individuals following KDT was 854, comprising an increase of 13% since 2017. Service sizes ranged widely, with 1–74 (median 16) patients on the diet. Of 36 services, 30 had a waiting list, ranging from 2 to 67 (median 9) patients. The classical diet continued to be the most common KDT used (58% of patients). Ten services reported use of a new flexible medium chain triglyceride protocol. Some 48% of patients ( n = 427) had been following the KDT for over 2 years, comprising an 18% increase since 2017. Of these, 68 (15.9%) had attempted to wean off KDT but had to re‐start as a result of a deterioration in seizures. Conclusions The number of individuals following medical KDT remains stable. Referral numbers and waiting lists remain high, highlighting that KDT is still a well‐recognised treatment option for drug‐resistant epilepsy. The types of KDT used are similar to previous years, although increasingly flexible protocols are being adopted. Longer‐term use of KDT is increasing, with a proportion of patients requiring long‐term use to maintain seizure control.