A Matter of Charge: Electrostatically Tuned Coassembly of Amphiphilic Peptides

Abstract Coassembly of peptide biomaterials offers a compelling avenue to broaden the spectrum of hierarchically ordered supramolecular nanoscale structures that may be relevant for biomedical and biotechnological applications. In this work coassemblies of amphiphilic and oppositely charged, anionic and cationic, β‐sheet peptides are studied, which may give rise to a diverse range of coassembled forms. Mixtures of the peptides show significantly lower critical coassembly concentration (CCC) values compared to those of the individual pure peptides. Intriguingly, the highest formation of coassembled fibrils is found to require excess of the cationic peptide whereas equimolar mixtures of the peptides exhibited the maximum folding into β‐sheet structures. Mixtures of the peptides coassembled sequentially from solutions at concentrations surpassing each peptide's intrinsic critical assembly concentration (CAC), are also found to require a higher portion of the cationic peptide to stabilize hydrogels. This study illuminates a systematic investigation of oppositely charged β‐sheet peptides over a range of concentrations, in solutions and in hydrogels. The results may be relevant to the fundamental understanding of such intricate charge‐driven assembly systems and to the formulation of peptide‐based nanostructures with diverse functionalities.