Machine Learning Approaches for High-Resolution Wind Climatology Mapping in Switzerland

This talk addresses the challenge of generating high-resolution wind climatology maps for Switzerland, a region characterized by sparse measurement stations and complex mountainous terrain. Accurately mapping wind patterns in such areas is inherently difficult due to the nonlinear and rapidly changing nature of wind flow, compounded by diverse and abrupt relief. Existing numerical models also lack the spatial granularity and temporal resolution necessary for comprehensive wind mapping.Our objective is twofold. Firstly, we aim to create more detailed wind maps that closely align with observations. Leveraging comprehensive orography maps, topographic descriptors, and numerical model outputs, we seek to downscale wind maps to achieve finer spatial resolution. Secondly, we intend to utilize these downscaled wind maps to compute wind climatology maps, focusing on maximum wind gusts and mean wind velocity, both hourly and daily. These wind climatology maps are invaluable for a plethora of stakeholders such as renewable energy planning, infrastructure development, and environmental monitoring, aiding in informed resource allocation and decision-making.We propose employing machine learning techniques, specifically Gaussian Processes (GPs) and Neural Processes (NPs), to address these challenges. Both present a compelling approach for wind map downscaling as both learn from small datasets and sparse observations to interpolate wind data and generalize to unseen locations. GPs offer a probabilistic framework to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs. By pairing sparse observations, high-resolution topographic descriptors and knowledge of the dynamics via a numerical model output, GPs can infer wind patterns across the territory with improved accuracy and spatial detail. Additionally, GPs inherently provide uncertainty estimates crucial for determining confidence in predictions. Finally, GPs rely on explicit prior knowledge and modeling assumptions, making their predictions interpretable. NPs, on the other hand, leverage neural networks to learn complex, non-linear relationships between inputs and outputs. Furthermore, NPs are scalable and highly efficient in handling large-scale datasets, and their model-less nature allow for more flexibility in modelling complex distributions.Integration of these machine learning techniques with domain-specific knowledge and data sources will enable the development of robust and accurate models for generating high-resolution wind climatology maps. These maps will closely align with observational data, advancing our understanding of local wind patterns and their impact on various applications. This approach aims to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation in this field.Note: Drafting the initial version of this abstract has been aided by AI tools.