A tractable model of monitored fermions with conserved U (1) charge

We study measurement-induced phases of free fermion systems with U (1) symmetry. Following a recent approach developed for Majorana chains, we derive a field theory description for the purity and bipartite entanglement at large space and time scales. We focus on a multi-flavor one-dimensional chain with random complex hoppings and continuous monitoring of the local fermion density. By means of the replica trick, and using the number of flavors as a large parameter controlling our approximations, we derive an effective field theory made up of a SU (N) non-linear sigma model (NLM) coupled to fluctuating hydrodynamics. Contrary to the case of non-interacting Majorana fermions, displaying no U (1) symmetry, we find that the bipartite entanglement entropy satisfies an area law for all monitoring rates, but with a nontrivial scaling of entanglement when the correlation length is large. We provide numerical evidence supporting our claims. We briefly show how imposing a reality condition on the hoppings can change the NLM and also discuss higher dimensional generalizations.