Ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 attenuates morphine tolerance development in male rats by inhibiting dorsal root ganglion neuronal ferroptosis

Background: Ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1, both ferroptosis inhibitors, protect cells.Liproxstatin-1 decreases morphine tolerance.Yet, ferrostatin-1's effect on morphine tolerance remains unexplored.This study aimed to evaluate the influence of ferrostatin-1 on the advancement of morphine tolerance and understand the underlying mechanisms in male rats.Methods: This experiment involved 36 adult male Wistar albino rats with an average weight ranging from 220 to 260 g.These rats were categorized into six groups: Control, single dose ferrostatin-1, single dose morphine, single dose ferrostatin-1 + morphine, morphine tolerance (twice daily for five days), and ferrostatin-1 + morphine tolerance (twice daily for five days).The antinociceptive action was evaluated using both the hot plate and tail-flick tests.After completing the analgesic tests, tissue samples were gathered from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for subsequent analysis.The levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), along with the measurements of total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS), were assessed in the tissues of the DRG.Results: After tolerance development, the administration of ferrostatin-1 resulted in a significant decrease in morphine tolerance (P < 0.001).Additionally, ferrostatin-1 treatment led to elevated levels of glutathione, GPX4, Nrf2, and TOS (P < 0.001), while simultaneously causing a decrease in TAS levels (P < 0.001).Conclusions: The study found that ferrostatin-1 can reduce morphine tolerance by suppressing ferroptosis and reducing oxidative stress in DRG neurons, suggesting it as a potential therapy for preventing morphine tolerance.