Analyzing Coastline Alterations through Remote Sensing and Detect the Factors that Lead to this Phenomenon: An Investigative Example of Tyre Shoreline, South Lebanon

The rising impact of coastal erosion and accretion has heightened the vulnerability of coastal regions to potential harm. Consequently, the evaluation of coastal alterations and shoreline dynamics through coastline assessments is of utmost significance. In this context, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) emerges as a valuable instrument for conducting Historical Trend Analysis (HTA). DSAS allows for the examination of past and current shoreline positions and configurations, playing a pivotal role in investigating shoreline morphodynamics. It serves as an essential element for comprehending and monitoring the evolution of coastal areas. Moreover, the study of shoreline erosion and accretion is crucial for identifying contributing factors, including both anthropogenic and physical elements, that drive these processes. Understanding these factors is essential for effective coastal management and mitigation strategies. A shoreline assessment was carried out along the Tyre shoreline over two distinct periods: from 1975 to 2001 and from 2001 to 2018. The comprehensive findings from this extended assessment across sixteen regions revealed varying outcomes. During the initial period (1975-2001), there was a heightened susceptibility to both erosion and accretion, with a prevalence of eroded areas (68.7%). The regions most affected by erosion during this phase were Qasmieh, Bahr Salyieb, and Rashidieh. Conversely, the subsequent period of the study (2001-2018) showed reduced sensitivity to both erosion and accretion, with a dominance of accumulated areas (62. 5%). The assessment of the Tyre shoreline, utilizing DSAS, has brought to light the dynamic sensitivity of the coastal area in Tyre to environmental changes across diverse temporal segments. An investigation into the factors influencing these changes has underscored the pronounced impact of anthropogenic factors in this region. The allowance for sand extraction and instances of ignorance and violation within the coastal zone, notably manifested through unauthorized constructions, serve as evidence of the vulnerability of the Lebanese legislative system concerning coastal environmental issues. This interpretation emphasizes the need for a more robust regulatory framework and heightened awareness to address and mitigate the adverse effects on Tyre's coastal ecosystem.