Sensitivity ecology and evolution, toxicology organism assessment model in the use of chemical applications for the management of toxic substances

The sensitivity of organisms to toxic substances is a pivotal facet in ecological and toxicological research. Understanding differential sensitivity's basis and its evolutionary underpinnings is imperative for anticipating and managing the repercussions of toxins on organisms. Our comprehensive analysis reveals that physiological traits, encompassing metabolic capacity, and membrane transporters, wield significant influence in determining organism sensitivity to toxins. Evolutionary processes, including natural selection and genetic variations also contribute to the tolerance or resistance of organisms to toxic substances. This review focuses on existing research concerning organism sensitivity, particularly emphasizing physiological traits, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and evolutionary factors that underlie organism sensitivity to toxins. Furthermore, it explores the practical applications of predictive ecotoxicology in chemical research and management and identifies promising prospects for predictive ecotoxicology models. The integration of these insights into chemical development and application can usher in the era of effective and environmentally benign chemicals, thereby curtailing ecological impacts and fostering harmonious coexistence between organisms and their surroundings.