Designing X-Band Lenses with the Adjoint Method and 3D Printing Techniques

In this study, we apply the adjoint method to design Gradient Index (GRIN) Lens, optimizing the dielectric constant at each point to maximize specific goal functions. Our approach utilizes a full-wave 2D FFT solver to derive the solution quickly-within seconds-and the total optimization process takes only minutes. The designs are then realized using different 3D printing techniques, allowing for precise and efficient manufacturing. This method results in a distinctive ring-shaped lens design that is lightweight (163 grams) and achieves an aperture efficiency of 57%.