Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing structures in Nepal

Abstract In Nepal, there are roughly 82,000 structures that are home to over 33,000 schools, of which over 60,000 need seismic upgrading. National and worldwide communities are becoming more aware of the necessity of enhancing buildings earthquake safety. The experiences, difficulties, and lessons discovered while conducting a school retrofitting program in Nepal are highlighted in this study using repeatable models. This report covers the experiences, difficulties, and lessons discovered while conducting a building retrofitting program in Nepal using replicable models. The article offers ideas for the structural repair and/or strengthening of structures located in Nepal that are exposed to a 7+ magnitude earthquake that is anticipated to strike the city. Historical masonry structures were built with more traditional mortars, such as lime, surkhi, mix, etc. An adequate repair and restoration of the structure’s stability was carried out following the first survey and structural analysis in the SAP2000 program, which was followed by an appropriate retrofitting approach. Unreinforced masonry (URM ), We can confirm that masonry structures that were built in poor compliance with building codes, poor construction practices, poor construction materials, inadequate joint connections, and houses with stories added up to satisfy the expanding family in core urban areas suffered significant damages during earthquakes by observing the characteristics of structures that failed to withstand the ground shaking. The 2015 earthquake caused significant damage to historical masonry structures in addition to residential building