Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances sequestration by adsorption and photocatalysis: Technical challenges and pragmatic solution

Consequent to the environmental persistence of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem, it is evident to remove PFAS from drinking water and the aquatic ecosystem. This review enumerates the significant contributions of adsorption and photocatalysis in removing PFAS from water while considering the mechanism of action. A comparative account of the sources of PFAS in water, PFAS toxicity, cost analysis, PFAS removal efficiencies, and regeneration of PFAS-spent adsorbents and photocatalysts has been critically reviewed. Lastly, the technical challenges associated with removing PFAS from water have been highlighted with significant considerations for future studies on employing adsorption and photocatalysis for PFAS removal.