The Impact of Ethnicity on the Political Structure of Afghanistan with the Approach of Political Liberalism by John Rawls (2001 – 2022)

Afghanistan is known as a multi-ethnic country where different ethnic groups coexist. The political structures in Afghanistan have always been influenced by ethnicity throughout its historical development. Although it is rare to find a country with a homogeneous ethnic fabric, the ethnic diversity is not only seen as a challenge but also as a symbol of cultural pluralism. After 2001, when the political structure of Afghanistan was manifested based on modern values in the constitution, it provided a good opportunity for political elites to overcome historical mistakes and adhere to those values. However, ethnicity and ethnic values were considered superior and older compared to the new values. The main question is how the multi-ethnic society in Afghanistan has influenced the political structure in the past two decades. Apparently, the multi-ethnic society of Afghanistan has had a negative impact on the implementation of the political structure in Afghanistan in recent decades. The research aims to examine how the role of the multi-ethnic society has influenced the political structure of Afghanistan in the past two decades and to what extent the convergence and divergence of political elites were affected by ethnic backgrounds. This article uses John Rawls' theoretical framework and analytical-descriptive method, as well as library resources, scientific journals, and reputable articles. The findings indicate that the multi-ethnic society has had a negative impact on the implementation of the political structure based on democratic values, and the foundation of the political structure manifested in the constitution could not be concretely and deeply exemplified by ethnic attitudes towards politics.