Synthetic Genomics: Repurposing Biological Systems for Applications in Engineering Biology

Substantial improvements in DNA sequencing and synthesis technologies and increased understanding of genome biology have empowered the development of synthetic genomics. The ability to design and construct engineered living cells boosted up by synthetic chromosomes provides opportunities to tackle enormous current and future challenges faced by humanity and the planet. Here we review the progresses, considerations, challenges, and future direction of the "design–build–test–learn" cycle used in synthetic genomics. We also discuss future applications enabled by synthetic genomics as this emerging field shapes and revolutionizes biomanufacturing and biomedicine.