Constructions and Properties of Efficient DNA Synthesis Codes

We report on coding methods for efficiently synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for massive data storage, where a plurality of DNA strands are synthesized in parallel. We examine the trade-offs between the information contents, redundancy, and the average or maximum number of cycles required for synthesizing a plurality of parallel DNA strands. We analyze coding methods such as guided scrambling and constrained codes for minimizing the cycle count.